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Transport emits 23 percent of the world’s energy-related CO2 emissions. Low-carbon technologies and demand-side measures are crucial for mitigating the sector’s climate impact, while providing important co-benefits for air quality and human health. From digital planning tools to electric vehicles, this section explores a range of technological solutions essential for the green mobility transition.
Proven technologies
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Strava provides the world’s largest data set of transport information. The data is gathered through more than 100 million people’s phones or…
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StravaGetty Images /© seamartiniStrava provides the world’s largest data set of transport information. The data is gathered through more than 100 million people’s phones or global positioning system (GPS) devices. The company aggregates and analyzes the data to support urban planners, trail network designers and city authorities in understanding the needs and mobility patterns of cyclists and pedestrians. The result is a valuable tool for planning investments and urban infrastructure. Their Strava Metro web platform is easily accessible and requires no technical expertise such as geographical information system (GIS) experience. As of 2020, organizations who aim to enhance cyclist and pedestrian conditions in cities can apply to access the web platform and data free of charge.
- Contracting type: Service/free
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: Worldwide
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Intelligent Traffic Control helps cities reduce traffic congestion using traffic data and planning software. Their software uses machine…
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Intelligent Traffic ControlGetty Images /© choi dongsuIntelligent Traffic Control helps cities reduce traffic congestion using traffic data and planning software. Their software uses machine learning and AI algorithms based on live traffic data gathered from off-the-shelf cameras. These detect the behavior of private cars, public transport vehicles and pedestrians with a high degree of accuracy both day and night. The data is then analyzed to help cities predict congestion and mitigate it through smart traffic light manipulation. The company has completed projects in Australia, Brazil, Israel and the United States.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Israel
- Availability: Worldwide
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Micromobility solutions such as scooters and motorbikes are commonplace and help reduce both traffic congestion and car dependency in cities.…
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YuluGetty Images /©Arkadij SchellMicromobility solutions such as scooters and motorbikes are commonplace and help reduce both traffic congestion and car dependency in cities. Yulu operates India’s first electric micromobility service with keyless access. It is a technology-driven mobility platform based on technologies such as machine learning, AI and a global positioning system (GPS) tracking system for management of supply, demand and operations. The company rents electric bikes and scooters to other companies, such as delivery partners with last-minute connectivity needs. The service is based on a kilometer-based pricing model and hundreds of battery-swapping stations have been installed across the participating cities. Fully charged batteries can be reserved in advance through the app on a needs basis.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: India
- Availability: India
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BasiGo is an e-mobility startup based in Kenya that provides electric public transport buses. Having identified the upfront cost of purchasing…
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BasiGo© BasigoBasiGo is an e-mobility startup based in Kenya that provides electric public transport buses. Having identified the upfront cost of purchasing electric buses as a major barrier, the company offers pay-as-you-drive subscriptions to public service vehicle operators, currently mainly in the Nairobi area. Operators then pay a fee for every kilometer traveled that covers the cost of leasing the e-bus battery, charging services and general vehicle maintenance. The company has also installed Kenya’s first publicly accessible fast-charging stations for electric buses and rolled out an app that allows travelers to plan their routes and book and pay for their trip in advance. BasiGo plans to supply over 1,000 mass transit electric buses to transport operators in Kenya over the next five years.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Kenya
- Availability: Kenya
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Awto is Chile’s first car-sharing service. It was founded with the intention of addressing traffic congestion in Santiago and reducing the number…
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AwtoGetty Images /© Tero VesalainenAwto is Chile’s first car-sharing service. It was founded with the intention of addressing traffic congestion in Santiago and reducing the number of privately owned cars by introducing an hourly or daily car rental service. Their fleet of cars now ranges from two-wheelers to large cargo vehicles. Vehicles are shared using a mobile app that identifies, books and pays for vehicle use on a needs basis.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Low
- Country of origin: Chile
- Availability: Chile
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XCharge is an electric vehicle charging solution provider with a wide range of products, including energy storage and load management. Their…
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XChargeGetty Images /© pirankaXCharge is an electric vehicle charging solution provider with a wide range of products, including energy storage and load management. Their charging stations meet diverse electric vehicle charging needs, including for private cars and public buses. Since 2015, more than 40,000 chargers have been installed in more than 25 countries worldwide. The chargers are equipped with liquid cooled lithium-ion battery packs for energy storage and can support simultaneous charging for two vehicles.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: China
- Availability: Worldwide
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Ampersand offers electric motorcycles and a battery-swapping network for motorcycle taxi drivers in Rwanda. A driver can purchase or lease a…
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Ampersand© AmpersandAmpersand offers electric motorcycles and a battery-swapping network for motorcycle taxi drivers in Rwanda. A driver can purchase or lease a motorcycle from Ampersand at a competitive price. Batteries are owned by the company and provided to drivers as a service. This means that drivers pay for the electricity as they would petrol – paying only for what they use. When the driver’s battery runs out, they can swap it for a fully charged battery at one of the company’s swap stations located around the city. This avoids having to wait while the battery charges. The company currently hosts around 35 motorbikes in Kigali with 7,200 drivers on the waiting list.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Rwanda
- Availability: Rwanda
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NEV Enterprise provides tailored solutions to facilitate the scale-up of electric vehicle use in the Arab States. Services include the supply of…
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NEV Enterprise Trading L.C.C.Getty Images /© Marcus LindstromNEV Enterprise provides tailored solutions to facilitate the scale-up of electric vehicle use in the Arab States. Services include the supply of electric vehicle charging stations for supermarkets, stores, hotels and other establishments. For larger fleets, charging infrastructure can be optimized through a user-friendly back-end management system that tracks and controls usage and costs.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: United Arab Emirates
- Availability: Middle East
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Advanced Dynamics transforms conventional used cars into electric vehicles using a complete electrification package consisting of an electric…
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Advanced DynamicsGetty Images /© anon-taeAdvanced Dynamics transforms conventional used cars into electric vehicles using a complete electrification package consisting of an electric vehicle motor, battery, control system, solar body parts and other supporting components. Their mission is to help fast-growing economies to shift toward electric vehicle use in an affordable manner. Their technology can be adapted to various vehicles, from midsize cars to large commercial trucks.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Singapore/Bangladesh
- Availability: Asia
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#walk15 is an activity app developed in Lithuania and available worldwide free of charge. Hundreds of thousands of users, as well as over 1,000…
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Walk15, UABGetty Images /© Hanna Siamashka#walk15 is an activity app developed in Lithuania and available worldwide free of charge. Hundreds of thousands of users, as well as over 1,000 companies, have used the app as a tool to encourage their employees to walk more. The app counts steps, creates challenges, enables competitions, shares educational messages relating to the location along the selected route and offers discounts for walking.
- Contracting type: Free
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Lithuania
- Availability: Worldwide
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Lobelia Earth offers highly localized air quality information at street-level resolution using a combination of local data sources and satellite…
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Lobelia Earth© Lobelia EarthLobelia Earth offers highly localized air quality information at street-level resolution using a combination of local data sources and satellite observations. The platform addresses the need for accurate local air quality measurement and tackles the limitations imposed by in-situ monitoring infrastructure, such as sparse coverage and high cost. The service is currently accessible and utilized in major European cities, assisting city authorities in promoting low-emission zones and mobility planning. The approach relies on meteorological and emission proxy data to generate regular updates on particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels on an hourly basis. The data is based on satellite technologies utilizing radar and optical remote sensing, complemented by on-the-ground monitoring and modeling supported by machine learning algorithms.
- Contracting type: Service
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Spain
- Availability: Europe
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In order to fuel a vehicle with E85 (85 percent ethanol 15 percent gasoline) the best option is to buy a flex-fuel vehicle or a vehicle…
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BioMotors© Peter OksenIn order to fuel a vehicle with E85 (85 percent ethanol 15 percent gasoline) the best option is to buy a flex-fuel vehicle or a vehicle specifically designed to run on E85. However, some cars can be retrofitted to use E85 through conversion kits that typically include components such as modified fuel injectors, fuel lines and pumps and systems to handle the higher ethanol content. As E85 is widely available in France, the French company BioMotors provides E85 conversion kits that allow a car to run on multiple types of fuel. The kit enables real-time detection of the fuel in the vehicle, allowing automatic adjustment of the settings.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: France
- Availability: France
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Atawey Hydrogen designs and develops autonomous, green hydrogen refueling stations. The technology is based on electrolysis (i.e., extracting…
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Atawey HydrogenGetty Images /© Scharfsinn86Atawey Hydrogen designs and develops autonomous, green hydrogen refueling stations. The technology is based on electrolysis (i.e., extracting hydrogen from water using electricity). The water molecule is split into oxygen and hydrogen, with the hydrogen recovered, compressed and stored in vessels. The hydrogen can then be used to refuel vehicles such as cars and bikes. The refueling stations also include charging points for electric vehicle batteries, offering multiple charging options at the same station. Currently, 24 Atawey hydrogen stations have been installed in France and one in New Caledonia.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: France/United States
- Availability: France, New Caledonia
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German startup KEYOU specializes in the transformation of conventional engines into hydrogen combustion engines. The technology has been…
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KEYOU© KeyouGerman startup KEYOU specializes in the transformation of conventional engines into hydrogen combustion engines. The technology has been successfully implemented in an 18-tonne truck and the company aims to rent these converted vehicles on a hydrogen mobility-as-a-service model, where end customers pay a monthly kilometer-based price depending on their actual mileage. The complete package includes the hydrogen vehicle, fuel, service, maintenance and insurance. The basis for the converted engine is a diesel engine platform sourced from an established manufacturer with a power output of 210 kW. It complies with EU emission standards and consumes about 7.5 kg of hydrogen per 100 km with a storage capacity of about 27 kg hydrogen enabling a range of 350 km. Refueling with hydrogen takes approximately 15 minutes. The company premiered their trucks in 2022 and customer operations are set to begin soon.
- Contracting type: For sale/service
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Germany
- Availability: Germany
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Zoox robotaxis are on-demand autonomous vehicles designed for moving people via a ride-hailing service platform. They have been piloted and are…
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Zoox Inc.Getty Images /© KinwunZoox robotaxis are on-demand autonomous vehicles designed for moving people via a ride-hailing service platform. They have been piloted and are currently in operation as an employee shuttle service in Las Vegas, Nevada. The vehicle is fully electric and driverless. It uses sensors, cameras, lidars and radars to navigate through its surroundings.
- Contracting type: Service/collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: United States
- Availability: United States
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Talent New Energy develops next-generation batteries with a focus on solid-state lithium batteries. Their semi-solid lithium batteries use a…
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Chongqing Talent New Energy Co., Ltd.© Chongqing Talent New EnergyTalent New Energy develops next-generation batteries with a focus on solid-state lithium batteries. Their semi-solid lithium batteries use a solid electrolyte similar to ceramics, which increases mechanical and chemical strength and stability and improves the safety of the battery. The batteries display extended lifetimes and their higher energy density in comparison to traditional liquid lithium batteries results in faster charging times.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: China
- Availability: China
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The byAr Volta electric bicycle features a shaft-driven design that uses energy produced by backpedaling to recharge its battery. The longer you…
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byAr VoltaGetty Images /© ABBPhotoThe byAr Volta electric bicycle features a shaft-driven design that uses energy produced by backpedaling to recharge its battery. The longer you backpedal, the more energy is produced to recharge the battery, saving on charging time. The company claims the battery can be nearly fully charged during use.
- Contracting type: For sale
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
- Availability: Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
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Kiira Motors has designed a fully electric low-floor bus for urban mass transportation in sub-Saharan Africa. Fully charged, the Kayoola…
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Kiira MotorsGetty Images /© FullframeFactoryKiira Motors has designed a fully electric low-floor bus for urban mass transportation in sub-Saharan Africa. Fully charged, the Kayoola EVSTM bus has a range of up to 300 km, with capacity to seat up to 90 passengers. The bus is also equipped to transport passengers with special needs, with special seats and a ramp for easy onboarding of people in wheelchairs. The company is currently taking orders to produce the buses.
- Contracting type: For sale/collaboration
- Technology level: Medium
- Country of origin: Uganda
- Availability: Uganda
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Graphene batteries have the potential to be the electric vehicle battery of the future, as they charge much faster than conventional electric…
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GraphenanoGetty Images /© BONNINSTUDIOGraphene batteries have the potential to be the electric vehicle battery of the future, as they charge much faster than conventional electric vehicle batteries and store more energy. The Spanish company Graphenano is developing a graphene polymer-based battery for use in electric vehicles with a 500 km range. Their aim is to produce a battery that is rechargeable in less than five minutes.
- Contracting type: Service/collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: High
- Availability: N/A
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Sodium-ion batteries could become an important alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries in the future. While they have the advantages of…
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL)Getty Images /© Just_SuperSodium-ion batteries could become an important alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries in the future. While they have the advantages of being cheaper and not relying on lithium, their energy density is lower which may make them more suitable for vehicles with a shorter range. However, research into strengthening their performance is ongoing and the leading electric vehicle battery manufacturer, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL), plans mass production of sodium-ion batteries this year.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: China
- Availability: N/A
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical conversion process that converts wet biomass, such as sewage sludge, agricultural…
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LicellaGetty Images /© Toa55Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical conversion process that converts wet biomass, such as sewage sludge, agricultural residues and other organic materials, into a liquid biofuel. This process takes place in conditions of high temperature and pressure to break down the organic material and form a mixture of volatile organic compounds. Mixed with water, this compound forms a liquid known as bio-oil or bio-crude, which can be refined for use as transport fuel. Unlike pyrolysis or gasification processes, this technology can process feedstock with high moisture content, avoiding the need for energy-intensive drying. No commercial-scale plants are currently operational. However, several plants from demonstration to commercial scale are in development, including one plant in Canada that aims to apply the Licella technology for development of bio-crude which can be further refined into transport fuel.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Canada
- Availability: N/A
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Fast pyrolysis of biomass to produce liquid bio-oil is a well-established technology but high oxygen content limits its potential as a transport…
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Pyrocell ABGetty Images /© Bill OxfordFast pyrolysis of biomass to produce liquid bio-oil is a well-established technology but high oxygen content limits its potential as a transport fuel.[127] Current research is focusing on improving the upgrading process of such bio-fuels for use in transport. Pyrocell is a pyrolysis plant commissioned in 2021 for the conversion of sawdust into pyrolysis oil with a capacity of 25,000 tonnes of bio-oil per year. Here, the fast pyrolysis technology developed by Dutch companies TechnipFMC and BTG BioLiquids has been utilized to produce bio-oil destined for upgrading to transport fuel at a refinery in Sweden.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Sweden
- Availability: N/A
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Electric vehicles’ batteries today constitute a large part of the vehicle’s weight, thereby adding to the energy needed to drive the car.…
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Chalmers University of TechnologyGetty Images /© kaptnaliElectric vehicles’ batteries today constitute a large part of the vehicle’s weight, thereby adding to the energy needed to drive the car. However, a so-called structural battery (or “massless” energy storage) is one that is integrated into the load-bearing structure of a vehicle. While attempts to develop such batteries first started in 2007, a recent breakthrough at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, has led to structural batteries with improved energy storage. While lighter consumer products such as computers and bicycles are currently more within reach for this technology, continued research aims to make structural batteries a reality for electric vehicles.
- Contracting type: For collaboration
- Technology level: High
- Country of origin: Sweden
- Availability: N/A
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Innovation examples
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Moscow City Government has improved management of its urban traffic flows, with significant benefits for the environment and climate, by applying…
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Getty Images /© metamorworksMoscow City Government has improved management of its urban traffic flows, with significant benefits for the environment and climate, by applying information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure. To reduce traffic congestion and lower carbon emissions, the city implemented various ICT-driven initiatives such as smart traffic management systems consisting of 2,000 traffic lights, 3,500 traffic detectors and 2,000 closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, all feeding real-time data to the Traffic Management Centre. This data enables informed decisions on traffic management, reducing idling time for drivers and consequently cutting carbon emissions. Additionally, Moscow introduced measures to promote public transport use, such as parking fees and fewer free parking spots. Online maps and payment systems have enhanced efficiency while the city’s Troika transport card facilitates seamless transfers between different transport modes. The city also monitors over half of its signal-controlled intersections with adaptive traffic-control measures, using embedded road sensors to optimize traffic flow.
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Delivery of packages to last-mile users using drones instead of diesel trucks can significantly reduce GHG emissions. In Rwanda, the company…
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Getty Images /© helivideoDelivery of packages to last-mile users using drones instead of diesel trucks can significantly reduce GHG emissions. In Rwanda, the company Zipline has successfully delivered medical products using drone technology for the past six years. Operations have also expanded to Ghana, Nigeria and the United States. The packages are delivered in plastic boxes lowered by parachute. The unmanned and self-piloted drones have made a total of 450,000 deliveries to date. Partnership with the Government of Rwanda is now expanding with a contract for a further 2 million deliveries by 2029, covering postal service items, food and agricultural products.
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Transport emits 23 percent of the world’s energy-related CO2 emissions.[69]
Low-carbon technologies and demand-side measures are crucial for mitigating the sector’s climate impact, while…
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Transport emits 23 percent of the world’s energy-related CO2 emissions.[69]
Low-carbon technologies and demand-side measures are crucial for mitigating the sector’s climate impact, while providing important co-benefits for air quality and human health.[70,71]
From digital planning tools to electric vehicles, this section explores a range of technological solutions essential for the green mobility transition.
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Good urban planning is critical for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the mobility sector. The design of our cities influences the length of trips and the choice of transport.
For instance, urban sprawl increases commuting…
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Good urban planning is critical for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the mobility sector. The design of our cities influences the length of trips and the choice of transport. For instance, urban sprawl increases commuting distance, car ownership and emissions.[72] Compact, mixed-use developments, by contrast, facilitate walking or cycling, reducing the need for car travel.[73]
Good urban planning is critical for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the mobility sector. The design of our cities influences the length of trips and the choice of transport
The climate implications can be massive. Cycling reduces transport emissions by 84 percent.[74] Public transport is among the most direct and equitable ways to reduce traffic congestion and fuel consumption.[75, 76] Estimates of public transport promotion’s mitigation potential range from 25 percent to 47 percent compared to business-as-usual scenarios.[77]
From subways and trams to sky trains and driverless buses, the urban landscape continues to evolve. Technology can contribute to scaling public transport solutions. Digitalization of fare payment systems, e.g. through mobile phones, is growing rapidly worldwide and contributing to the efficiency of public transportation.[78]
Electrification of public transport systems is another priority measure.
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The choice of modality differs greatly between countries. For instance, bus rapid transit (BRT) systems with designated lanes and specifically adapted stations are relatively low-cost and flexible alternatives for relieving traffic problems…
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The choice of modality differs greatly between countries. For instance, bus rapid transit (BRT) systems with designated lanes and specifically adapted stations are relatively low-cost and flexible alternatives for relieving traffic problems in urban areas. They are especially common in countries in Latin America and Asia, with growing popularity in Africa.[79] Currently, more than 180 cities across the globe have implemented BRT systems, carrying over 34 million passengers each day.[80]
As cities grow and more people can afford private vehicles, increased demand has offset significant GHG reduction in the mobility sector
As cities grow and more people can afford private vehicles, increased demand has offset significant GHG reduction in the mobility sector.[81, 82]
Transport activity is expected to double by 2050.[83]
There is also a trend toward increased size of vehicles and distance travelled per person.[84]
Yet, climate efforts often focus on technologies and innovations at vehicle level rather than promoting public transport through urban planning.[85]
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Municipalities and urban planners are increasingly relying on georeferenced data systems, scenario building tools and algorithms to predict and optimize greener transport routes. By developing a complete, dynamic picture of the urban landscape,…
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Municipalities and urban planners are increasingly relying on georeferenced data systems, scenario building tools and algorithms to predict and optimize greener transport routes. By developing a complete, dynamic picture of the urban landscape, cities can make better use of land and integrate public transport, pedestrian zones and bicycle lanes. Interactive and predictive digital twins for mobility planning, such as for bus systems and routes, can also help to involve citizens in the planning process.
Digital technologies can alleviate real-time traffic congestion. Advances in smart traffic management systems apply internet of things, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies in response to data from video cameras, sensors and radars. Real-time traffic data allows cities to forecast traffic flows, tailor traffic lights to meet demand, suggest alternative routes and restrict access to low-carbon emission zones through smart pricing systems.[86]
Technologies that reduce the time cars spend on the road are highly relevant from a climate perspective. In Mumbai, India, 53 percent of GHG emissions from the transport sector were attributed to traffic congestion.[87]
Studies have shown that staggered office hours and remote working, enabled by digital teleconferencing solutions, can have a significant impact on traffic congestion and climate change. By early April 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, global emissions from surface transport fell by 36 percent compared with the 2019 mean levels.[88]
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E-scooters and e-bikes have transformed the urban landscape in many cities in Europe and North America, while non-electric two-wheelers have long been a common sight in many developing countries. In countries such as India, Indonesia and…
尊龙凯时ag网页版
E-scooters and e-bikes have transformed the urban landscape in many cities in Europe and North America, while non-electric two-wheelers have long been a common sight in many developing countries. In countries such as India, Indonesia and Thailand, sales of electric two- or three-wheelers now outnumber electric cars.[89] This is a positive development as smaller electric vehicles could reduce battery size and hence demand for critical metals by almost a quarter.[90]
Digital technologies are enabling cities to integrate micromobility vehicles through a single interface, such as mobile apps and ride-sharing platforms. In the United States, 136 million shared micromobility rides were recorded in 2019 [91] with substantial expansion likely since. Such ride-sharing platforms are often viewed as a climate-friendly transport solution with the potential to reduce global urban transport emissions by 6 percent, on average.[92]
However, the climate mitigation potential of micromobility systems and ride-sharing depends on the urban environment. Ride-sharing may be more suitable in car-dependent urban areas. In cities where public transport infrastructure is dominant, ride-sharing may instead draw users away from public transport.[93] For instance, one study in Switzerland found that only 12 percent of e-scooter trips replace car trips, while 50 percent simply replaced walks.[94] In major US cities, ride-sharing was found to double vehicle mileage as travelers often shifted away from public transportation.[95]
These findings stress the need for cities to understand travel behavior and mode choices from a systems perspective to achieve low-carbon mobility. However, they also emphasize the role of the urban landscape, as well as the need to transform micromobility systems and ride-sharing fleets to low- and zero-emission vehicle types.
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In 2022, 14 percent of all cars sold were electric cars, up from less than five percent just two years earlier. Sales are concentrated in China, Europe and the United States.[96]…
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In 2022, 14 percent of all cars sold were electric cars, up from less than five percent just two years earlier. Sales are concentrated in China, Europe and the United States.[96] Electric vehicles can reduce reliance on fossil fuels, especially if the electricity in the grid is based on renewable sources. If powered by low-emission electricity, electric vehicles offer the largest decarbonization potential for land-based transport, when considered from a life-cycle perspective.[97]
Regardless of the energy mix of a country’s electricity grid, the life-cycle emissions of an electric car are still approximately 40 percent lower than a conventional car.[46, 68] While they do not solve the problem of traffic congestion, they make a positive contribution to air quality in cities.
Regardless of the energy mix of a country’s electricity grid, the life-cycle emissions of an electric car are still approximately 40 percent lower than a conventional car. [98, 99] While they do not solve the problem of traffic congestion, they make a positive contribution to air quality in cities.
Growing concerns about critical minerals used for electric batteries can be addressed by diversification strategies, efficiency improvements and battery recycling. Advances in battery technologies are facilitating the electrification of heavy-duty trucks and complement conventional electric rail systems.[100]
Electrification of all these transport systems requires significant additional renewable electricity capacity, upgrades to grid infrastructure and rollout of electric vehicle charging networks.[101]
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The growing number of electric vehicles can put pressure on cities’ electric grid systems. Innovations in smart grids and charging apps aim to improve vehicle–grid integration in the future and address electricity fluctuations and demand.…
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The growing number of electric vehicles can put pressure on cities’ electric grid systems. Innovations in smart grids and charging apps aim to improve vehicle–grid integration in the future and address electricity fluctuations and demand. Real-time grid data enables flexible electric vehicle tariffs so car users can be rewarded for charging their vehicles overnight when demand is low. Alternatively, users can discharge their vehicles’ batteries and sell the electricity back to the grid through so-called bidirectional charging. Such trials are currently underway in countries such as the United Kingdom, and in California a recent bill approved by the US State Senate would require all new electric cars sold to be equipped with bidirectional charging technology by 2030.[102]
Systems that initiate delayed charging at off-peak times increase the reliability of power systems and make better use of renewable energy sources. Delayed charging technologies combined with strategic placement of charging stations at workplaces could eliminate the need for new power plants altogether. Simple technologies and planning of this kind could also avoid the need for more advanced systems of connected devices and real-time communications.[103]
While connected devices and delayed charging technologies have been piloted, they must be better understood and accepted by consumers.[104, 105]
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Most electric vehicles today run on lithium-ion batteries – a technology used for decades that offers limited energy density. Advances in the energy performance of electric batteries aim to respond to growing demand for more and larger electric…
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Most electric vehicles today run on lithium-ion batteries – a technology used for decades that offers limited energy density. Advances in the energy performance of electric batteries aim to respond to growing demand for more and larger electric batteries worldwide, while diversifying material sources in light of mineral shortages. This approach also aims to ensure autonomy and access to critical raw materials as production is becoming increasingly concentrated in a few countries, such as China.
Innovations include the use of lithium iron phosphate and the replacement of graphite with silicon to make vehicle batteries lighter and more energy dense. Such advances offer longer life and faster charging times. Solid-state batteries, such as lithium metal, hold even more potential to overcome the limitations of current lithium-ion batteries. These are not yet commercially available, but progress is being made on advanced electrolytes, cathodes and production of the lithium metal anodes needed to achieve industrial scalability.[106, 107]
In recent years, sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries have seen rapid technological progress. They have the advantage of being cheaper and avoid the need for critical minerals, such as lithium. With their lower energy density, the batteries could be ideal for urban vehicles with a shorter range. Currently, there are nearly 30 sodium-ion battery manufacturing plants operating, planned or in construction, mainly in China, with mass production rollout expected this year.[108]
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Electrification alone is unlikely to meet the growing low-carbon energy demand for transport. New propulsion technologies for vehicles and alternative low-carbon fuels can make a significant difference in reducing transport emissions and…
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Electrification alone is unlikely to meet the growing low-carbon energy demand for transport. New propulsion technologies for vehicles and alternative low-carbon fuels can make a significant difference in reducing transport emissions and diversifying fuel types.
Biofuels represented over 3.5 percent of global transport energy demand in 2022. These were mainly ethanol and conventional biodiesel based on sugarcane, corn and soybeans.[109] For instance, in France and Sweden, the E85 fuel type, containing up to 85 percent ethanol, is widely available for privately-owned cars. While E85 contains less energy than gasoline, it can sell at almost half the price.
While biofuel usage is growing, its potential to reduce emissions in comparison to conventional fuels depends on its biomass source. Using crop-based biofuels significantly increases the agricultural land area needed. The resulting land-use change and forest clearing could potentially release more GHG emissions than simply using fossil fuels, necessitating stronger global protections of natural land.[110, 111]
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The development of second-generation biofuel technologies from non-food biomass may help to avoid both competition for arable land and land-use change emissions. Countries with abundant available biomass are exploring the production of methanol…
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The development of second-generation biofuel technologies from non-food biomass may help to avoid both competition for arable land and land-use change emissions. Countries with abundant available biomass are exploring the production of methanol from forestry products. Innovations are also focusing on using a wider range of vegetal material, such as grass, or converting waste cooking oil or food waste such as corncobs into biodiesel using enzymes.
Frontier solutions include direct thermochemical liquefaction (DTL) technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and fast pyrolysis. These are means for converting biomass into liquid products. First investigated in the 1970s, as of June 2023 there were 11 commercial and 15 demonstration-scale plants either operational or in development across 14 countries. While most of the liquid products are developed for heating applications, more and more processes include upgrading of the liquid product into transportation fuels due to the growing need for low-carbon mobility.[112]
Scaling more sustainable biofuel alternatives and bringing them to market is challenging. Success is highly dependent on the price of conventional fuels. Novel fuel sources such as algae have been tried, tested and abandoned over the years.[113]
Nevertheless, while they are constrained by feedstock availability and sustainability concerns, biofuels can offer a complementary mitigation strategy for land-based transport in the short-to-medium term.[114]
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Some alternative fuels marketed as low-carbon may risk creating a distracting lock-in effect for both climate and health. For instance, compressed natural gas is already widely used, but unless the technology is based on biogas, it relies on…
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Some alternative fuels marketed as low-carbon may risk creating a distracting lock-in effect for both climate and health. For instance, compressed natural gas is already widely used, but unless the technology is based on biogas, it relies on fossil fuels and emits high levels of toxic pollutants. However, it could be relevant as a complementary fuel for long-distance journeys.[115, 116]
Similarly, renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFONBOs) or recycled carbon fuels (RCFs) are fuels derived from plastic waste or bacterial fermentation of industrial off-gases. As these too rely on fossil-based products or processes, they could delay the transition to low-carbon mobility.[117]
Finally, while so-called synthetic e-fuels are receiving growing attention, their climate effectiveness is unclear. Synthetic fuels such as ammonia, methanol and methane can be used as additives in conventional cars but are currently neither financially competitive nor produced at scale. Furthermore, powering cars with e-fuels may require about five times more renewable electricity than running an electric car.[118]
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Interest in hydrogen as a transport fuel source is still subdued. Hydrogen is highly reliant on the development of cost-competitive fuel cells and infrastructure for production, distribution and storage. While the number of hydrogen fuel cell…
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Interest in hydrogen as a transport fuel source is still subdued. Hydrogen is highly reliant on the development of cost-competitive fuel cells and infrastructure for production, distribution and storage. While the number of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles increased by 40 percent in 2022 compared to the previous year, the total of 72,000 vehicles was still marginal in comparison to the total number of cars sold that year.[119] Nevertheless, several countries including China, Japan, as well as the EU have launched ambitious hydrogen plans and strategies which also include the transport sector.[120]
Several car manufacturers are now developing autonomous vehicles. From a climate perspective, the best-case scenario will see them run on renewable electricity and be available on demand as part of shared car fleets. In the worst-case scenario, they would have conventional engines and be attractive to private car owners. Major urban areas such as Beijing, London and San Francisco could become early markets for autonomous vehicles. Currently, no commercial-scale applications are available and their environmental impact is largely uncertain.[121] However, consultancies such as McKinsey believe autonomous driving could generate USD 300 to 400 billion in revenue by 2035.[122]
Several car manufacturers are now developing autonomous vehicles. From a climate perspective, the best-case scenario will see them run on renewable electricity and be available on demand as part of shared car fleets
In terms of autonomous vehicles, drone delivery services may have more potential for climate mitigation. Increased demand for delivery services prompted a study looking at last-mile transport modes which found that GHG emissions per package were 84 percent lower for drones compared to diesel trucks. This could become relevant for deliveries of smaller items such as medicines or food[123]
and in certain countries such as Rwanda drone delivery of medical supplies has already seen significant success (see the Innovation example below). Experts anticipate acceptance of drones and that their applicability will be greater for medical transport and packages in industrial spaces than for e-commerce and food deliveries.[124]
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Improving the efficiency of vehicles can contribute to fuel savings and emission reduction. Improvements in the internal combustion engine and aerodynamics of vehicles are resulting in continual efficiency gains.…
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Improving the efficiency of vehicles can contribute to fuel savings and emission reduction. Improvements in the internal combustion engine and aerodynamics of vehicles are resulting in continual efficiency gains.[125] Progress is being made on energy-efficient engines that run on two cylinders. Research is also addressing the possibility of electronically deactivating some cylinders in a multi-cylinder engine. Electronics will play a growing role in operating engines at even lower fuel consumption levels, such as through better control of fuel injection and ignition. Sensors and controllers can also be used to monitor and optimize fuel consumption.
Making vehicles lighter, known as
lightweighting, also reduces fuel consumption. This includes replacing some of the steel with aluminum, composite materials and carbon fiber technology. New high-strength steels can achieve weight savings of 30 percent. Therefore, fundamental research into materials is important for improving efficiency in transportation.[126]
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